New and digital media stores 30/03/2014

Mail Online ad revenue up 51%

Website close to £5m a month rate set by Daily Mail & General Trust to meet financial year goal of £60m

The Mail Online advertising revenue grew by 51% thus making around £23million. Mail Online made an average of £23million a month in a short period of 5 months. Once hitting £5 a month, on average they have the potential to make £million revenue in this financial year. In order for Mail Online to hit its target of £65million, they must begin to charge £5 a month for subscription and charge more for 3rd party advertising sites.

The performance of the site, which is on the brink of passing the 200 million monthly browser mark, more than covered the print advertising decline at the Mail titles over the five-month period.

In the last financial year, the Mail Online missed its £45million target by £4million, reaching £41million. Upping their target by £20million is a bit of a stretch considering they could not hit their previous target last financial year - plus is was a lower target.

Mail Online grew digital ad revenues by £8m, from £15m to £23m, while the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday saw print ad revenues fall £2m from £86m to £84m.

In my opinion, I think the target which Mail Online are attempting to reach might be a little too ambitious and thus this could end it two ways. This may motivate them more into developing the online platform in order to make a better experience for users. This would incur more of an audience and bring in a far higher viewing audience. However the other side to this is that it could blow up in their faces as they may attempt to send more of their income onto the online platform and figures and audiences do not increase which therefore means that they are worse off as they've spent the money to gain a larger audience and have not substantially gained this. 

Global music sales fell in 2013 despite strong growth for streaming services

Industry income from Spotify and rival services up 51% but Japanese drop pulls overall sales down

During 2013 the growth in music streaming services has been said to have increased rapidly due to the demand for streaming music digitally via new technological advancements such as tablets and smartphones. Furthermore, the downloading of new music has become obsolete as its not as quick as just instantly streaming music on the go.  despite income from subscription streaming services like Spotify and Deezer rising sharply, there has still been a fall by 3.9%.

• In terms of physical music sales, CD sales have fallen by 11.7% 
• In terms of digital revenues, digital sales increased by 4.3%
• Subscription streaming income rose by 51% 

In the UK, 22% of internet users have used a subscription-based digital music service – including those using them for free. “This is the way people are consuming music, so the debate about whether it’s a model to embrace has been put to rest over the last year,” said Spotify’s chief content officer Ken Parks in the report.

In my opinion I think that music streaming services such as Spotify is fighting an endless war on piracy and in some respects is winning. Most people who illegally download music only do this as its a free means of getting access to their favourite artists songs. Services like Spotify allows users to stream this music for free (with/without) a monthly fee which makes it a better option in comparison to illegally downloading the same music. Furthermore, these streaming services also help out the artists (even if it is hardly any help) as they are able to make a SMALL amount of money through this.

Daily Mail and Guardian digital 'minnows', says News UK chief

Mike Darcey says relying on online ads as main revenue stream is risky in market containing rivals such as Google and Facebook

The News UK chief thinks that by the Guardian and Daily Mail allowing users to access their news articles online for free, they are devaluing the value of the news industry as why would people pay paywalls when they can access content elsewhere for free. 

"The Guardian web proposition is so good I wonder why anyone continues to buy the Guardian edition in print at all. They must be very wealthy people."

"When print is switched off, all you have is online advertising [and] online ad prices are low and are falling,"

combined monthly online readership of almost 300 million

I think that they will have to rely on advertising revenue as competition is continuously increasing. This means more news companies are allowing content to be consumed freely on-line, forcing more companies to follow in order to survive. if contents available for free audiences will not pay to consume news. although Facebook and Google are large competitors with a vast amount of revenue generated through advertisement, the daily mail may have a chance considering the amount of on-line traffic they generate. 

Jasmine Gardner: News travels fast in cyberspace but can we trust it?

This article talks about how reliable social media really is. Although social media contains an incredible amount of information, consumers assume it is all correct.

Examples in the article include:

‘Morgan Freeman dying three times: once on Twitter, twice on Facebook.

During Hurricane Sandy, a shark swam up the streets of New Jersey.

In the London riots of 2011 a tiger was let loose from London Zoo.

And this week Manchester United boss David Moyes was sacked’.

In the US a third of all adults under 30 are said to get their news from social media

I think the number more and more people will continue to get their news from on-line sources. This is because it is easier to consume compressed amounts of information with  key points.

New and digital media stories

Daily Mail accused of insulting top female scientists

College condemns race and gender comments about experts who appeared on Newsnight to talk about origins of universe

University College London (Also known as UCL) recently wrote a letter of protest to Paul Dacre; editor of Daily Mail; in regards to the "profoundly insulting" article which was published questioning the credibility of two of there female scientists. The article was written and published after the two scientists; Dr Hiranya Peiris and Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock; appeared on newsround

"It is deeply disappointing that you thought it acceptable to print an article drawing attention to the gender and race of scientific experts, suggesting that non-white, non-male scientists are somehow incapable of speaking on the basis of their qualifications and expertise."They go on to say how people just look at gender and ethnicity as well as the colour of a persons skin and judge them and think that whatever they are saying isn't true. By them being female scientists of colour people should not associate them with having little to know knowledge and should treat all individuals regardless of race and gender equally. 

In my opinion what Daily Mail published was wrong due to the fact that they shouldn't shoot a persons thoughts or facts down due to the colour of their skin or their gender. We are in the 21st century and people should be treating one another equally

Beats Music reveals US launch plans, but can it drown out Spotify?

Dr Dre and Trent Reznor among launch team for new streaming music service, promising curation and family-friendly pricing

Dr Dre's headphones brand Beats will launch its Beats Music streaming music service on 21 January in the US, competing with Spotify, Rhapsody and Google Play Music All Access. The company has been working on the service for more than a year, having hired Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor as chief creative officer, and digital music industry veteran Ian Rogers as chief executive at the start of 2013. In December, Rogers had promised that Beats Music would launch in January, but over the weekend the company confirmed the date, price, initial distribution partners and more details on how the service will try to differentiate itself from the competition, although for now, it will only be available in the US.

Unlike Spotify, there will be no free element to Beats Music beyond an initial 30-day free trial. Subscribers will pay $9.99 a month for unlimited access to a catalogue of more than 20m songs through apps on iOS, Android and Windows Phone devices, as well as a website for desktop access.

"Beats Music combines the emotion only a human created playlist can give you with the best personalisation technology can deliver," said Rogers in a statement. "With this you get not just the music experience only a talented DJ or music expert can deliver, but also the right one for you right now."

In my opinion this competition can be a good way for artists to benefit from the new and digital media online platform due to them potentially receiving more money and profits as more streaming services and more music sharing websites become available.

Exam feedback

25/32     Grade: A-

WWW - Very clearly written; a range of theory incorporated

LR - Include a wide range of examples for Q2/3
Write an additional paragraph for each


Question 2 -

Audiences also enjoy these programs as they allow them to escape from their problems in the real world. Similar shows relating to them are shown on similar television channels such as E4 as they reach out to the demographic audience concerning such films like Twilight and Let the right one in. The interaction between people also relates to the theory concerning different demographic audiences as programs become a necessity for audiences as a means of social interaction.

Question 3 -

The development of new and digital media allows media institutions to promote media products indirectly without viewers/audiences knowing otherwise or being aware of it. It can be described as a form of false advertising however it is done subliminally as audiences become unaware that they are being marketed to at the point of time. New and digital media provides a method for upcoming developments and advantages as little amounts of money can be spent in promoting media products.

Case study

1. 1). Has new and digital media had an impact upon ownership and control of the media institution(s) involved in your case study area?  Explain in detail any impact and what exactly has changed.

New and digital media has had a large impact on the current music industry benefiting and disadvantaging people. According to Forbes Website ‘…it’s been widely noted that the digital download sales decline has been offset by the rise in streaming' therefore stating that new and digital media has destroyed the digital download industry in terms of online music. The industry is limited in the amount they can charge people as they are able to gain access to music online through music streaming services. 

Furthermore, artists now attempt to ignore the traditional music business model in an attempt to gain more publicity and a far greater profit margin as they do not make enough money from just music institutions alone.

• http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/13/beyonce-new-album-revolution-pr
• ‘Roughly 13 to 14 cents per 100 plays’ - itunes according to Steve Knopper writer for Rolling Stones magazine. - http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/will-itunes-radio-benefit-musicians-20130920

Many people would consider the industry as hard to get into and to make a name for yourself, however due to new and digital media some artists are made famous. An example of this is Justin Bieber who made himself a name through posting covers of songs on YouTube. YouTube is considered to have ‘empowered videomakers’ (Stated by Jump Cut editor Chuck Kleinham)as it can help make stars. Online sites such as YouTube ‘potentially benefits artists by helping new artists to become known.’Warner Music is also producing behind the scenes footage and artist interviews available on the user-generated website and was the first established record label to distribute its content through YouTube.However the other side to this argument is that ‘YouTube have anything but their own profit-maximization goals in mind’and thus means that they don’t care much about what they share online as they just do whatever it is that is popular in order to receive money. 

2. 2). What impact has there been on the way in which the audience now consume the media products/ texts involved in your case study?  How does it differ from what went before?  Consider (SHEP).
3. 
   

Some artists speak out and tell others the fact that record labels do not treat artists fairly and that the business is not as profitable as some make it appear to be. Artists; such as Immortal Technique; really despise the industry and associates the business with ‘corruption’. He believes that music services such as Spotify and even itunes are ‘crooks’ and he says that he would ‘rather have fans download his music illegally on the internet than have record executives accusing the youth of stealing and breaking the law. Whoever is at the top of the hierarchy pyramid will stay on top whereas others cannot move up the pyramid easily. This believe also links in with the hypodermic needle as he believes that the media is feeding false or inaccurate information to consumers. 

People now consume the content differently through digital downloads and online streaming instead of hard copies of physical storage. This is a benefit to users as the 'virtual music file take up less physical space’ (Glen Creeber and Royston Martin, Digital cultures).

The development of Spotify and other services like it benefit audiences through the fact that it enables easy to access music. A ‘virtual music file take up less physical space’ and is easier for people to store. ‘Many composers have recognised the advantages of MP3 as an effective way of sending audio samples via email attachments’ because of its format taking up little to no space. People can access their favourite music and stream them for free legally or illegally with nothing stopping them from this. Furthermore the internet in general allows anyone to access anything they want within seconds which raises the issue of piracy. ‘A study in 2000 reported 14% of Internet users had downloaded music for free. This number has grown rapidly, and online music sharing has been estimated to result in annual sales losses of $3.1 billion by 2005 for the music industry’. People also acknowledge the fact that they are illegally downloading however as the vast population now does this; it has now become part of the norm. “The best way to perfect a service is to roll it out, then use customers’ feedback to evolve and refine it” quoted by Shawn Fanning creator of Napster in 1999.

Audiences have benefited from the accessibility aspect of the music industry as syncing their phone with all their favourite music has never been easier than ever. 

Audiences listen to music for entertainment purposes as it can be considered as a pathway to diversion or to escape from reality as some may believe it helps relax/calm them. This is a recognised theory known as Uses and Gratification theory created by Blumler & Katz, 1974. It is an analysis of why people use ‘particular media’. People listen to music for several different reasons however the way they chose to do this can impact on the music industry. Despite piracy being fast, easy and widely available to all, people should be willing to spend 99p on their favourite artists and help support them. They should go see them in concert and buy their merchandise otherwise they will be forced to sell out and make mainstream music in order to get loads of people to listen to it but will not be as good as their old content. This connotes that new and digital media is destroying the industry as the quality of music is in decline. With ‘up to 25% of all online TV piracy taking place in the UK’.we as a society should take a stand and be willing to pay a small price to sustain our favourite artists careers.

2. 
   

   
   

3. 3). What impact has there been on how the media institution now has to produce the texts and the way in which the texts/ products are distributed and exhibited?  This should involve a detailed textual analysis of at least 3 texts to demonstrate the point.
4. 
   

The development of Spotify and other services like it benefit audiences through the fact that it enables easy to access music.

A ‘virtual music file take up less physical space’ (Glen Creeber and Royston Martin, Digital cultures). Its format taking up little to no space. People can access their favourite music and stream them for free legally or illegally with nothing stopping them from this. Allows anyone to access anything they want within seconds which raises the issue of piracy.

• ‘A study in 2000 reported 14% of Internet users had downloaded music for free. This number has grown rapidly, and online music sharing has been estimated to result in annual sales losses of $3.1 billion by 2005 for the music industry’.
• People also acknowledge the fact that they are illegally downloading however as the vast population now does this; it has now become part of the norm.
• “The best way to perfect a service is to roll it out, then use customers’ feedback to evolve and refine it”quoted by Shawn Fanning creator of Napster in 1999.

Audiences listen to music for entertainment purposes as it can be considered as a pathway to diversion or to escape from reality as some may believe it helps relax/calm them. This is a recognised theory known as Uses and Gratification theory created by Blumler & Katz, 1974. It is an analysis of why people use ‘particular media’.People listen to music for several different reasons however the way they chose to do this can impact on the music industry. Despite piracy being fast, easy and widely available to all, people should be willing to spend 99p on their favourite artists and help support them. They should go see them in concert and buy their merchandise otherwise they will be forced to sell out and make mainstream music in order to get loads of people to listen to it but will not be as good as their old content. This connotes that new and digital media is destroying the industry as the quality of music is in decline. With ‘up to 25% of all online TV piracy taking place in the UK’we as a society should take a stand and be willing to pay a small price to sustain our favourite artists careers.

4. 4). Is the size of the audience any different now than before the impact of new and digital media (or has the pattern of usage changed)? E.G. consider for the impact of new and digital media on TV broadcasting the change in audience ratings for programmes as a consequence of the deregulation of TV.  (Prior to deregulation audience figures could be 20m+ for Eastenders etc to a situation today where, due to the massive number of channels now available, audiences are vastly reduced and fragmented).
5. 
   

In some respects, Spotify is helping with the whole piracy issue due to the fact that they provide a service which allows users to listen to music for free without users downloading illegally from websites. The business model Spotify is part of therefore eliminates a vast amount of piracy as people want a free and convenient service which is what they offer hence the reason why they are becoming more and more popular. This is not considered as a good thing because some believe that Spotify does not care much about the music, but they care more about their revenues and profit margins. The size of the audience has now changed due to the development of new and digital media and the way it has impacted on the way audiences now consume music. Audiences now consume music through the use of the internet and audiences take this platform for granted and use it to their advantage thus benefiting them from the various free (illegal) content available online. 

http://www.coris.uniroma1.it/materiali/18.30.01_audience%20evolution.pdf

"Media audiences are changing. The dynamics of how audiences consume (and now, even 

produce) media are changing, as are the ways that media industries make sense of, and define, their audiences. New technologies are at the heart of all of these changes. New media technologies that give audiences increased control and increased choice over when, where, and how they consume media are transforming the relationship between audiences and the media." -> page 2 

"The changing nature of audience information systems provides important new inputs into how media organizations can conceptualize (and monetize) their audience" -> page 3 

The statements above concern new and digital media and how audiences are changing due to the way media products are adapting to new technological advancements. 

Transformation of Media Consumption 

"One key driver of contemporary audience evolution is the technological changes that are 

transforming how audiences consume media. The media environment is changing in ways that are dramatically reconfiguring how, when, and where audiences consume media, and, consequently, forcing media industries to reconceptualize their audiences." ->page 19

phenomenon wherein individual content options are 

disaggregated into smaller, discrete components (think, for instance, of the ability to watch television 

clips, rather than entire episodes, on YouTube, or the return of the singles model to the recorded music  21

industry as a result of the advent of music downloads). This too is a form of intra-media fragmentation, 

as the content unit itself becomes fragmented. ->page 20 - 21

4. 5). Who are the primary target audience now and has this changed?  Who was it before and how do you know?  

My chosen text which I am exploring is Spotify and the way that new and digital media services that allow users to stream their favourite music and their impact on the music industry. Music streaming services provide music to Mainstreamers, Explorers, aspires as well as the rest of the psychographic groups due to them targeting a wide audience range. Streaming services just like Spotify attempts to provide a service for a wide range of audiences so that they can allow anyone to access their favourite songs - whatever the genre.

Artists are able to reach out to a large demographic audience; when on streaming services; without costing them much at all as they can gain publicity and a fan based just through the sheer amount of viewers and subscribers Spotify has to offer. This would be considered as the current day business model for music artists as they are purely using the E-media platform to promote themselves. ‘Low-budget video novices’ were hired to create ‘bold and wild montage videos. However ‘unless you had powerful backing or a name director, your chances of making the MTV playlist were next to nonexistent.’

Spotify has 24 million monthly users and growing with another 6 million subscribers. Furthermore Spotify offers the idea of convenience to people as you are now able to just start listening to the latest songs straight away without having to spend time looking for it online and downloading it.

Obviously it will take some time for the effect of the ruling to trickle down, so we might not see much change in the short term. The long term effect can be ominous though, as online music, and all streaming media, will ultimately take a hit that very well may completely change our consumption patterns. 

Spotify has added 1.5 million users since the end of April, representing a growth rate of 8%.  That compares to 0.5 million new users and 4% growth for the entire month of May in 2011.  Facebook integration, coupled with launching in the US has turbo charged Spotify’s growth trajectory.

And yet, as impressive as Spotify’s total user growth is, it is only par when compared with other streaming music services.  Looking at the growth in total users by month since launch date of service Spotify is close to the average for streaming music services.

User generated content based on article: That’s a brilliant article Mark! Staggering numbers going on there, and it really does highlight just how radically the music industry has changed in the past few years alone in terms of how consumers access music. I remember being really excited about getting a physical album from a shop and having all the artwork in front of me. Now it seems like that same passion for a physical product has been overtaken by the passion for discovering new music – which really seems to be going at a rate of knots, thereby making instant ‘viral stars’ out of artists who upload their music to the public access platforms of YouTube and Spotify: Case in point: Rebecca Black with her song ‘Friday’.

What is your take on the music streaming business as opposed to having an album in your hands? I’m not claiming to be a purist, but having an album is a nice thing, and gives a richer overall experience, however the convenience of being able to instantly find an artist that you love listening to, and then getting recommendations for associated artists/tracks in the same minute is quite remarkable.

Very interesting times we live in, and I hope that the bands who produce this exceptional music – (OK not Rebecca Black) – get their fair % of the subscription costs. (Mainly because I want to be able to make some money out of the music I write in my band).

Sources:

• Rob Tannenbaum and Craig Marks, I Want My MTV - The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution, 2011, page 8
• Bobby Owsinski, Forbes, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/bobbyowsinski/2014/01/15/is-verizons-victory-a-streaming-music-killer/
• Dorian Lynskey, the guardian, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/10/daniel-ek-spotify-streaming-music
• http://musicindustryblog.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/spotify-hits-20-million-monthly-users-and-could-be-on-track-for-8-million-paid-users-1-year-from-now/

6. 6). How have the audience responded to the changes?  Is there more customer choice?  Is there evidence of a more pluralistic model?  What evidence do you have to support this?

The development of Spotify and other services like it benefit audiences through the fact that it enables easy to access music. A ‘virtual music file take up less physical space’ and is easier for people to store. ‘Many composers have recognised the advantages of MP3 as an effective way of sending audio samples via email attachments’ because of its format taking up little to no space. People can access their favourite music and stream them for free legally or illegally with nothing stopping them from this. Furthermore the internet in general allows anyone to access anything they want within seconds which raises the issue of piracy. ‘A study in 2000 reported 14% of Internet users had downloaded music for free. This number has grown rapidly, and online music sharing has been estimated to result in annual sales losses of $3.1 billion by 2005 for the music industry’. People also acknowledge the fact that they are illegally downloading however as the vast population now does this; it has now become part of the norm. “The best way to perfect a service is to roll it out, then use customers’ feedback to evolve and refine it” quoted by Shawn Fanning creator of Napster in 1999.

Audiences have benefited from the accessibility aspect of the music industry as syncing their phone with all their favourite music has never been easier than ever. 

Audiences listen to music for entertainment purposes as it can be considered as a pathway to diversion or to escape from reality as some may believe it helps relax/calm them. This is a recognised theory known as Uses and Gratification theory created by Blumler & Katz, 1974. It is an analysis of why people use ‘particular media’. People listen to music for several different reasons however the way they chose to do this can impact on the music industry. Despite piracy being fast, easy and widely available to all, people should be willing to spend 99p on their favourite artists and help support them. They should go see them in concert and buy their merchandise otherwise they will be forced to sell out and make mainstream music in order to get loads of people to listen to it but will not be as good as their old content.

Digital and social tools have already transformed the artist-fan relationship, but even greater change is coming.  In the anaologue-era music was mass produced, releases cycles were static and music product formats were a creative dead-end.  Mash-ups, engaged online fans and user generated content brought these barriers tumbling down.  The scene is set for the Mass Customization of music, heralding in the era of Agile Music.

Sources:

• Glen Creeber and Royston Martin, Digital cultures - Understanding New Media, 2009, Page 99
• Ian White, Tales from the real world, 2000
• Sudip Bhattacharjee, Ram D. Gopal and G. Lawrence Sanders, DIGITAL MUSIC AND ONLINE SHARING: SOFTWARE PIRACY 2.0?, 2003, Page 107
• Jane Hoskyn, Making music pay, 2007, Page 17
• Daniel Chandler, aber, 1995
• Nick James, Editorial: cheap as silicon, 2009 
• http://musicindustryblog.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/agile-music-music-formats-and-artist-creativity-in-the-age-of-media-mass-customization/

7. 7). What concerns/ considerations are there (if any) for the media institutions involved in your case study as a result of the impact of new and digital media? (e.g. deskilling or multi-skilling of the workforce/ decline in workforce etc)

It is safe to say that the future of the music industry does not look too bright due to developments in technology occurring all the time. It could be argued that Spotify is a great concept and the idea of streaming instead of downloading does minimise piracy although there are still a few problems with it such as the fact that the average musician does not get paid anywhere near enough. In time, the industry will be different than it is today and therefore anyone seeking a career in music must learn to adapt and exploit the trends that are shaping the music of music. Many question software services such as itunes along with if it can last and if the giants will be toppled. If people start using more music streaming services they will not want to pay for what they can access easily and for free therefore could this suggest that Apple would have to change their whole software concept to guarantee people still buy their products? It all relies on one question: is music streaming the next big thing? 

Most evidence does suggest that new and digital media and technology impacts on the music industry by utterly tearing it apart as the average artist cannot produce the work they want and are almost forced to produce mainstream music to gain profits. Nonetheless, it is difficult to dispute that the development of new and digital media has been nothing but evil as if it was not present, the access to content would not be as convenient as it is currently. Furthermore, it is safe to conclude that the industry has been ruined in some aspects; such as how artists do not make what they deserve; yet has been improved for audiences as music can be widely access through a number of sources. 

Sources:

• Neder Hedfi, Ted, 2013, http://www.ted.com/conversations/19050/what_is_the_future_of_the_musi.html
• Glen Creeber and Royston Martin, Digital cultures - Understanding New Media, 2009, Page 99

8. 8). What are the political and social implications of the new technologies and the methods of their consumption?  E.g. moral panics etc?

Audiences listen to music for entertainment purposes as it can be considered as a pathway to diversion or to escape from reality as some may believe it helps relax/calm them. This is a recognised theory known as Uses and Gratification theory created by Blumler & Katz, 1974. It is an analysis of why people use ‘particular media’. People listen to music for several different reasons however the way they chose to do this can impact on the music industry. Despite piracy being fast, easy and widely available to all, people should be willing to spend 99p on their favourite artists and help support them. They should go see them in concert and buy their merchandise otherwise they will be forced to sell out and make mainstream music in order to get loads of people to listen to it but will not be as good as their old content. This connotes that new and digital media is destroying the industry as the quality of music is in decline. With ‘up to 25% of all online TV piracy taking place in the UK’ we as a society should take a stand and be willing to pay a small price to sustain our favourite artists careers.

Due to new and digital media, consumption and accessibility to music through the online platform, music has become easier and easier to retrieve. The consumption of music has now changed through the music business model created by MTV. 
MTV is considered to be the medium that did 'define pop culture, change generations and shape an industry'. This business model would allow artists to record live music and air them to a large demographic audience without costing them much at all as they can gain publicity and a fan base just through the sheer amount of viewers MTV has to offer.This would be considered as the traditional business model for music artists as they are purely using broadcast media to promote themselves. 


As the mainstream segments engage with on-demand music less, they have less propensity to upgrade to paid music subscriptions. If peoples experience is reduced after a period of time (e.g. usage/play restrictions) they will simply go elsewhere.

Sources:

• Daniel Chandler, aber, 1995, http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/usegrat.html
• Nick James, Editorial: cheap as silicon, 2009 

9. 
   

9. 9). Consider the effects so far, and possible effects in the future, on media institutions involved in your case study (media production).

A ‘virtual music file take up less physical space’ and is easier for people to store. ‘Many composers have recognised the advantages of MP3 as an effective way of sending audio samples via email attachments’ because of its format taking up little to no space. 
The file sizes concerning virtual music will continue to decrease in terms of its format size which will therefore make it more easily accessible and easier to store on hardware.

People also acknowledge the fact that they are illegally downloading however as the vast population now does this; it has now become part of the norm. “The best way to perfect a service is to roll it out, then use customers’ feedback to evolve and refine it” quoted by Shawn Fanning creator of Napster in 1999.

Audiences have benefited from the accessibility aspect of the music industry as syncing their phone with all their favourite music has never been easier than ever. 

10. 10).What issues may there be regarding media effects and /or regulation/ censorship as a result of changes due to new and digital media?

Write here what your case study will involve.  Remember it should be about the impact of new and digital media on.......

How new and digital media services disturb the flow of the current music industry?

• How new and digital media has impacted on the music industry
• How services now are access for free
• Free content online -> Napster
• Piracy
• How audiences now consume music due to technological developments
• Spotify and artists opinions based on it

Its a broad and diverse topic which relates well to new and digital media as it considers the way technology has been embraced by services such as Spotify and YouTube. Its also quite an interesting topic as various people have different opinions based on it. 

• Spotify -> How it has embraced the online platforms 
•           -> How it takes advantage of artists
• 
  

Gender performance in the media

The article from the Dailymail website talks about metrosexuality and how the 'new man' has changed the way that men are perceived and now looked at. They discuss David Beckham and the fact that the 'new man' or metrosexual man cares about fashion, food and good grooming. The idea of metrosexuality is considered "gay" however the article explains that metrosexuals are not gay and in fact are just in touch with their feminine side. 




The poster for bend it like Beckham represents females as the main characters and playing a mans sport (Football). The two female characters on the front of the poster are wearing clothing main stereotyped to be worn by males such as the track suit, shorts and trainers. 

The trailer from Bend it like Beckham represents the female protagonist in the film as subverting the typical stereotypes of the traditional female representations. The film is about a female in a traditional family who wants to fulfil her life long ambition in becoming a football player for a major league team but it constantly shot down by her family. 



The standard UFC poster consists of guys as the headliner as the traditional cage fighting poster. Furthmore, guys are more associated with boxing and fighting types of sports in contrast to women who aren't seen as much in this type of field or line of work. In the below example, you can see two women enlarged to represent them both being the main event in the championship. This shows the opposite of what the usual UFC (cage fighting) posters show as they go against gender performance.

The advertisement for Mr Muscle represents the male audience as being able to do cleaning and house duties. This advert therefore subverts the typical gender stereotype set by people as the advertisement is portraying males as the ones who do the cleaning. 

The fact that this advertisement only shows men boxing and does not portray women represents how women are generally not associated with the sport. This could be due to men being portrayed as violent and obnoxious and therefore and the ones who usually fight for a means of pride. This indicates to the viewer that boxing is more of a male sport and does not encourage women to take up the sport. 



The front cover for Vogue can be linked to Female representations due to the girls shown on the covers are being portrayed as beautiful and classy. They often relate to the theory of Male Gaze as men look at these women. Females on the other hand look at these figures and aspire to achieve what they have in terms of looks/appearances. 

The advert for lynx represents a patriarchal society and connotes to men that if you buy our product (lynx), women will fall in love with you and follow you around. This advert promotes this kind of society and the fact that men have majority of power in society as they are able to control the way women fall for them (in the advert). 



The usual exercise magazines consist of images of men on the front cover however this subverts the gender stereotype due to there being a women on the cover in great shape. The cover empowers women as it provides visual support to women across the world as a means of aspiration to one day get a good figure like the women being portrayed on fitness magazines. 


http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2375240/Neymar-says-hes-metrosexual-like-David-Beckham.html
The 'New man' is seen as a bad perspective for people to be represented as due to them appearing slightly more 'gay' than the average man. 

NDM Summary 2

1. 17/11/13 - Sun online finds it hard to hit the net
2. 17/11/13 - BitTorrent says Netflix is hogging bandwidth - not 'beating' it
3. 24/11/13 - Mr Paton, put up this paywall: a Gorbachev moment for news
4. 24/11/13 - PlayStation 4 hot on Xbox One's heels
5. 01/12/13 - Telegraph group shelves 'five pillars' restructure plan
6. 01/12/13 - Paul Walker obituary
7. 08/12/13 - Daily Mail overtakes Sun as biggest-selling Saturday paper
8. 08/12/13 - News UK is reborn by putting a digital smile on Wapping's face
9. 15/12/13 - Mail Online passes 10m daily browsers
10. 15/12/13 - YouTube ad revenues tipped to jump 51% to $5.6bn in 2013
11. 05/01/13 - News Corp buys Storyful for £15m
12. 05/01/13 - UK entertainment spending rises with surge in film and music streaming
13. 05/01/13 - Native advertising is the new paywall in media economics - but is it here to stay?
14. 05/01/13 - Internet streaming won't save music – the industry still relies on hits
15. 12/01/14 - The new New York Times: making the concept of redesign obsolete
16. 12/01/14 - BBC iPlayer sees record numbers over Christmas as tablets beat computers
17. 19/01/14 - How do we do journalism differently in the digital age?
18. 19/01/14 - Beats Music reveals US launch plans, but can it drown out Spotify?
19. 27/01/14 - Broadcasting's poor ethnic mix has an impact on everyone
20. 27/01/14 - Mirror, Independent and Standard enjoy festive website traffic boost
21. 02/02/14 - JK Rowling sues Daily Mail for libel over 'single mother' article
22. 02/02/14 - If Spotify is saving Swedish music sales, why aren't indies celebrating?
23. 09/02/14 - Spotify Premium membership offer for Times subscribers
24. 09/02//14 - Facebook's 10th birthday: from college dorm to 1.23 billion users
25. 17/02/14 - Paywalls or not? It's as easy as ABC
26. 17/02/14 - Americans can't live without the web – but social media is a different story
27. 24/02/14 - What's next after WhatsApp: a guide to the future of messaging apps
28. 24/02/14 - A Guardian trainee considers cortados, the pace of digital change and a promise of diverse voices